- In “Beyond Automation: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Islamic Education in Higher Education” (Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan dan Sains Islam Interdisipliner), Muhammad Hazmi Firdaus (Institut Agama Islam Hamzanwadi Pancor) analyzes “how AI is reconfiguring Islamic higher education and what this transformation means for the classical Islamic distinction between ta’lim (instruction or knowledge transfer) and ta’dib (ethical and spiritual formation)… The analysis argues that AI’s value for Islamic higher education lies not in automating religious authority but in augmenting the human relationships, spiritual mentorship, and chains of transmission (isnad) that have historically anchored Islamic knowledge.